Aero-Medical Retrieval Education

I have been fortunate enough to make some amazing and talented new friends on this trip to Australia and one of them happens to be an expert on Pre-Hospital and Aero-Medical Retrieval.

New Resources

This is being considered its own sub-specialty that is gaining more and more interest. Perhaps the best way to learn more about the field is to visit Dr. Minh Le Cong’s  wonderful blog: PHARM Prehospital and Retrieval Medicine. As if this is not enough of a contribution to the field, he also hosts a regular podcast that can be found on iTunes.

Minh’s background is as a Rural Generalist with emergency medicine advanced skills. He works for the Royal Flying Doctors Service (RFDS) and also serves as one of their chief educators. This is they guy to learn aero-medical retrieval from and his blog/podcast is a great place to start.

Formal Education 

Lastly, those who are interested in more formal studies of aero-medical retrieval might want to look into the STAR program (Specialized Training in Aeromedical Retrieval) offered by the RFDS. They are even organizing a certificate, diploma and master’s degree level education through Bond University. Who better to learn from than the largest proider of aeromedical rescue in the world!? Check out their program here: http://healthprofessionals.flyingdoctor.org.au/education–training/the-rfds-star-program/

Filariasis basics for travelers

Filariasis

Condition: Infection by a parasitic worm that often causes lymph-edema in the lower extremities

Infectious Agent: Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti; Brugia malayi and B. timori. All of these are filarial nematodes.

Signs and Symptoms: Most infections are asymptomatic. As the worms mature they may progressively block lymph channels in the lower extremities, scrotum, arms or breasts. This causes the resultant back-up of lymph and presentation of elephantiasis. Secondary skin infections in these effected areas are also common.

Diagnosis: The standard diagnosis is through a blood smear that demonstrates microfilariae under microscopy. The highest concentrations of microfilariae are seen in peripheral blood at nighttime hours and specimens should be drawn between 10PM and 2AM.

Transmission: The bite of infected mosquitoes such as Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Mansonia species

Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the drug of choice for travelers with these infections. Although ivermectin does kill microfilariae it has no effect on adult worms. Once elephantiasis has developed there is no corrective methods to reveres the course. Surgical excision of the filarial worms only result in scarring of the lymph channels and worsening the blockage. Local wound care of the effected region is important including hygiene and infection control.

Prevention: Protective measures include mosquito bite prevention such as long sleeves, pants, bed nets, permethrin treated clothing and DEET 30-35% insect repellent.

Epidemiology: This effects approximately 120 million people worldwide. Lymphatic filariasis is seen in Sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, Southern Asia, Pacific Islands, Brazil, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Short term travelers to these regions are at low risk for infection. Travelers in these regions for extended periods of time (>3 months) and are intensively exposed to mosquitoes are considered to be at a higher risk for infection.

Adventure Doc: Weekly on Expedition and Travel Medicine

We have recently been experimenting with publishing our own weekly newsletter on travel and expedition medicine. We are publishing it via twitter, as well. Too follow our account on twitter visit us @AdventureDoc

Our expedition and travel medicine weekly can be seen here: http://paper.li/AdventureDoc/1324446220

It will be growing so please keep checking back!

Economy class syndrome and blood clots in travelers

“Economy class syndrome” is an old concept that sitting in tight, cramped seats in the back of an airplane can lead to DVTs or blood clots in the legs. The idea of travelers and blood clots/DVTs is an important concept and all travelers need to know about this illness along with how to prevent it. Before we look at a new piece of medical literature on the subject, I think it is important to define a few terms.

DVT = Deep Vein Thrombosis which is basically a blood clot in the larger veins of the legs or pelvis and rarely the arms or torso. Signs of this condition include swelling of the leg compared to the other, a history of immobility and pain in the calf.

PE = Pulmonary Embolism or a blood clot in the lungs. This occurs when the DVT migrates through the veins up to the lungs. This can causes chest pain, shortness of breath and be a life threatening emergency!

Hypercoagulatory state = A condition that makes your blood clot more than normal and some of these conditions include cancer, pregnancy using birth control pills or genetic disorders that change how your blood clots

DVTs and Travelers

The concept of DVTs and travelers began to be linked years ago by noticing travelers on “long-haul” intercontinental flights, who were previously healthy and began developing blood clots. Some of these young and healthy travelers even died from the PEs. Researchers began to link together what they had in common and immobility was the common link. Basically, sitting still for hours and hours caused the blood to pool in the legs and sludge a bit resulting in clots. Although extremely rare the condition is possible and not just limited to airline travel. Minimizing risk is what doctors began to focus on.

Preventing DVTs

Generally, travel medicine doctors have generally avoided the concept of giving “blood thinners” to protect people from DVTs on long flights, car rides, etc. unless they were at very high risk. A good guideline for this comes from the CDC Yellow Book and their chapter on DVT/PE in Travelers. Educating travelers on the importance of in-flight exercises, walking around the plane every few hours and in-chair exercises every few hours has been the mainstay of prevention for most travelers. The CDC article heavily references the wonderful work done by the American College of Chest Physicians and their reports on DVT prevention. The College has recently published a new article specifically aimed at travelers. http://www.chestnet.org/accp/article/new-dvt-guidelines-no-evidence-support-economy-class-syndrome

 The following conditions are considered risk factors for long distance travelers

  • Previous DVT/PE or known thrombophilic disorder
  • Malignancy
  • Recent surgery or trauma
  • Immobility
  • Advanced age
  • Estrogen use, including oral contraceptives
  • Pregnancy
  • Sitting in a window seat
  • Obesity

Old vs. New Data

What is new about this article is the data now shows there is no increased risk from alcohol intake, flying in economy class versus business class or being dehydrated. These conditions were all previously considered to be risks and things to be avoided by travelers on flights or sitting for greater than 4 hours. In fact, the new guidelines have upgraded a long-haul flight to be 6 hours or longer and most DVT/PE are associated with flights 10 hours or longer. Compression stockings continue to be advised only for patients at high risk and to be avoided for “normal risk” travelers. As expected, stretching and exercises involving the calf muscles are first line for prevention.

Overall, the American College of Chest Physicians continues to lead the world in research and advice on DVT/PE prevention and treatment. This article should be read by all travelers and especially those who travel long-distances!

Life as a Remote Site Doctor

A lot of people have asked me what it is like to be a “remote site” doctor or about providing medical care to expeditions or groups in “far away locations”. The glamorous sounding job of “expedition doctor” is not always what is sounds like. Here is what a typical contract or service is like, from my point of view. Obviously, each job is different but there are a few common threads:

Pre trip phase and packing

Packing the tools of my trade: stethoscope, ent kit, a few favorite medical books, Kindle with the rest of my medical books, iPad with pharmocopeia, more medical text books and reference material. This all depends on what gear is already on hand at the destination. Sometimes I have to bring a whole medical kit with diagnostics, medicines or even a portable hospital with me! Generally I bring my personal items that are customized and just the way I like them. The books are noted and highlighted and the ebooks are noted and bookmarked for rapid reference.

Packing things to entertain me such as a kindle with my RYP books, pleasure reading (non-fiction), iPad loaded with music and movies, iPod loaded with music, external hard drive loaded with movies, lap top, work out mat, etc. I also never forget my power-monkey charger for those power outages in the middle of my 212th time viewing Indiana Jones III.

Packing clothes for the area and I generally work in the tropics or desert. This means lots of shorts, sandals, scrubs, ex officio shirts, running gear, one pair of boots and a dress outfit in case I need to meet important people…I have yet to wear this outfit though. On duty I generally wear an ex offico style shirt and cargo pants with a few IV kits, tourniquets and medicine vials stuffed into the pockets. If I have to go into the field with a smaller team I carry my shoulder bag or backpack filled with doctor like stuff including saline, clotting agents, antibiotics, tourniquets, etc. I also wear a vest sometimes…yes I am AM that guy but screw it…the vest holds a lot of stuff and does not interfere with a back pack and still gives easy access to items.

Travel phase

Take a plane from my home town to the capital city of where I am going. This generally involves several airports, layovers and an unavoidable overnight in a “hotel near the airport”.

From capital city x,y,z I usually take a crappy plane, often a prop plane or rotary wing to the site. This can often be the most hazardous part of the trip!

Finally I arrive in the camp/area/clinic and find my quarters and work area.

Settling in phase

I usually end up staying in con-ex boxes, mobile homes, trailers or tent structures. Some have a/c and some do not. Most are filthy and very lived in, complete with body hair from others scattered everywhere, dirty dishes, moldy food in the fridge (if I have one) and the first goal is to clean up the area. I usually bring my own sleep sack/bivy so I avoid scabies and bed bugs and do not have to deal with yucky, stained sheets. I do not unpack my suitcase and bags unless I am there for more than one month and can clean the drawers/chests out.

Meeting people I will be working with for the assignment is always interesting. There is a lot of ego measuring, posturing and trying to show off without actually being nasty about it. I try to be nice and say a lot of “I hope you guys just keep me out of trouble” and “let me know if I am making any mistakes”. The nurses and other staff are trying to figure out if I am a complete idiot or going to work out ok. This usually takes a few weeks to sort out. There is the type that wants to tell you how great they are, the type that kisses your ass and the type that is too lazy to care.

Getting down to work

The first few days are generally spent trying to tread water and not screw up too bad. Lots of new paperwork, forms and “the way we do things here” stuff. I also love the “I am not sure how you do it where you are from but we do this this way, here”. Learning from others, being nice and still having to lead the team is a fine art I am still mastering.

Typical day

Clinic from 9am to 12:00

The usual gambit of injuries and illness depending on the area and people I am covering. Miners get respiratory complaints, sore muscles and twisted ankles and knees. Shooters get sore shoulders from weight workouts, twisted ankles and knees and everybody gets flu like illnesses and vomiting/diarrhea. The trick is to plow through the mundane crap each day and not miss the important red flags. That vomiting and stomach pain is probably gastroenteritis but it could also be a gallbladder or gi bleed. Staying vigilant when you repeat the same stuff every day is difficult some times.nthe morning also has the sick bay commandos looking for excuse notes and a day off work.

Clinic from 14:00-16:00

Same thing. I also usually see the chronic illness patients in the afternoon to make sure their blood pressure is not too high and they take their medicines Ike they should.

A few days per week I also have to do some public health duties like checking water supply, the kitchen and food storage. This is generally done after clinic and involves a mountian of paperwork and being a hard-ass about temperatures of food storage, parts per million of chlorine and other safety issues that make me quite unpopular some times.

My personal time

After 4pm I am usually done unless there is a problem. I am on call 24/7 for emergencies. The 57 year old guy that never takes his blood pressure meds, has horrible cholesterol, is 50 pounds overweight and smokes a pack a day usually has his chest pain episode around my dinner time. The guy that is not paying attention gets his fingers cut off around 2 am on night shift. Night time is generally when “badness” happens. A lot of times it is just being on standby in the clinic and then giving everybody a once over when they get back to the area. Still, it is nerve wracking, involves geting up out of bed and getting ready to work.

During “my time” I generally read, study or watch movies on the lap top or tv if I have one in my little shack. Even if their is tv there are never any good channels and knight rider in Arabic is just not that fun to watch. Working out in your trailer and not leaving the compound can be challenging. I do alot of calesthenics, pushups and the like. I always tend to make friends with the people I am working with. This means I worry about them when they are on a particularly dangerous outing, getting far from camp or I get a radio call that someone is coming into the clinic with “a problem”. Classic worrying mother syndrome!

If I get really beat-up at night with calls, sick visits or trauma, I cancel the clinic in the following morning to sleep in. Once per week or so I also give a lecture to the crews about some first aid topics, disease background or hygiene. I also try to give a lecture to the nurses at least once per week on an interesting case or point of learning such as physical exam or laboraty test interpretation.

Food can be challenging. Generally there is a base kitchen and a few freezer/fridge boxes in the camps. They are stocked with frozen meats, little airline sized condiments and sometimes fresh veggies if you get there quick enough and before everybody else. Generally I cook my own food if I have a kitchen in my trailer and if not I am at the mercy of the cooks. The food is ok, not great but not crap either. Some contracts give me a credit to spend at a local commissary store to get some luxury items like coca cola, yoghurt and a frozen pizza. Pasta and hamburgers are mainstays along with lunch meats and cheeses. Bottle water is the only way to go, mixers such as Gatorade or emergen-c help change the taste of crappy water.

The next day I head back to clinic, and this cycle repeats itself everyday for the duration of the job. What sticks out the most is a lot of boredom, watching crappy movies in a sweaty box called my house, the same boring food over and over and the people I meet. There is the occasional moment or two of sheer terror when there is a sick patient or bad trauma and we are trying to stabalize and coordinate an evacuation.

This is is…lather, rinse and repeat until the job is over.

Of note, this was written late one night while I was waiting for lab results on a patient on Mornington Island off the Coast of Queensland, Australia.

Blog changes

The Adventure Doc Blog is undergoing a few changes to match the new websites. These will take place over the next few days and your patience is appreciated! In the meantime, please visit our new homepage at:

www.AdventureDoc.org

New websites!

We are very excited about work on our new websites at: www.AdventureDoc.org and www.AdAccomp.com that detail our complete services. Please have a visit and offer us your thoughts!

Happy new year

Happy new year from the Gulf of Carpenteria! I hope every one has a safe, happy, healthy and adventurous 2012!

Erik

Giardia and Travelers

Giardia

Condition: A diarrheal illness resulting from parasitic infection

Infectious Agent: Giardia intestinalis, a protozoan parasite

Signs and Symptoms: Symptoms can range from aysmptomatic to a variety of gastrointestinal complaints including diarrhea, abdominal cramping, bloating, fatigue, flatulence and nausea. Diarrhea is classically foul smelling and greasy. Symptoms generally present 1-2 weeks after exposure and are generally self limiting after 2-4 weeks.

Diagnosis: Giardia cysts or trophs are not always seen in the stool of infected patients. Examining up to three stool samples over several days can increase investigative power.

Transmission: Ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water including water swallowed while swimming; contact with fecally contaminated surfaces such as diaper changes, caring for an infected person or sexual contact.

Treatment: Metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide and furazolidone are drugs known to have efficacy against Giardia. Because of the difficulty of definitive diagnosis, empiric treatment can be started in patients with appropriate symptoms and history.

Prevention: Travelers should follow strict food and water precautions. There is no vaccine or role for preventative antibiotics.

Epidemiology: Found worldwide, the risk of Giardia infection increases with duration of travel. Roughly 31 of 1,000 travelers seeking medical care are diagnosed with giardia. This is most commonly seen in travelers from South Asia, Middle East and South America although it has been in seen in travelers from all regions of the world. Long-term travelers (>6 months) have a much higher incidence than shorter-term travelers. In Nepal, Giardia is found in 10% of stool samples from patients with complaints of diarrhea.

Amebiasis and Travel

CDC dpdx

We have decided to start using some of the work that has been put into some of our education modules, traveler/patient hand-outs and internal training material here on the blog. So there is going to be a new feature of a brief examination of a disease, condition or piece on travel health a lot more frequently. To get this started I have selected Amebiasis mainly because it starts with the letter “A”.

Amebiasis

Condition: A parasitic infection that often affects the gastro-intestinal tract causing diarrhea; may spread to other organs of the body (liver) to form abscesses

Infectious Agent: Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite

Signs and Symptoms: Crampy, water and sometimes bloody diarrhea; weight loss; 1/3 of patients have a fever; asymptomatic infections may be seen

Diagnosis: PCR testing is standard; microscopically indistinguishable from E. dispar which is non-pathogenic

Transmission: Fecal-oral route such as eating or drinking fecally contaminated products

Treatment: Metronidazole followed by iodoquinol or paromomycin

Prevention: Food and water precautions including ice and frequent handwashings; avoidance of fecal exposure during sexual activity; there is no vaccine against amebiasis and prophylactic medicine is not advised

Epidemiology: Found worldwide, especially in the tropics; more common in areas of poor sanitation; most commonly seen in travelers returning from South America, South Asia and the Middle East; Long-term travelers (>6 months) are considered higher risk than shorter-term travelers; only 10-20% of infected patients become symptomatic

Remote and Expedition Medicine Class

Adventure Doc Ambulance

Adventure Doc is busy preparing for an upcoming class on remote and expedition medicine for some of our new paramedics. The class is a bit modified for our own crew and will be focusing on the following topics for the first block of education:

  • Suture Skills and Wound Care (suture, staple, glue and wound care)
  • Tropical Medicine Basics (malaria, dengue, yellow fever, helminthes, leptospirosis and leishmaniasis)
  • Environmental Medicine (heat, cold, altitude and motion sickness)
  • Medical Kit Construction (case based scenarios)
  • Field Water Disinfection (pathology, methods, storage and pitfalls)
  • Adventure Doc Standing Orders and Treatment Protocols
  • Chartwork, Cas-Evacs, Documentation and Trip Deployment
  • Pharmacology Basics (antibiotic basics, pain management, altitude and diarrhea)
  • Traveler’s Diarrhea (diagnosis, treatment, management and prevention)

While there are many more classes and training modules that are required to learn prior to accompanying our travelers and adventurers in the field, these classes and modules make up the core foundation of skills and knowledge. The classroom lectures are combined with a lot of hands on training of wound closure on tissue models, medical equipment familiarity and skill stations. Detailed course materials will also be provided for home study and more detailed mastery of these subjects.

For more information on Adventure Doc Education Classes open to the general public you can visit our website: http://www.adventuredocclinic.com/classes_and_seminars.html

Adventure Doc is very proud of our paramedics and consider them to be the best providers of medical care in international, remote and austere settings…Anywhere. For those interested in corporate or group training for your paramedics or health care providers please contact us via our website: www.AdventureDocClinic.com

New test post from the road

Here we go with an attempt to post to the blog using a sat phone, broadband and an iPad…I hope this posts!

Updated Servers and Websites

Apologies for not have a fresh post up in the last few weeks!  However, I am very happy to report that we are in the process of upgrading our servers and websites to feature new services and methods of servicing our patients/clients. Those of you who are unfamiliair with our current services can visit our website to learn more:

 

http://www.adventuredocclinic.com/services.html

 

 

Medical Clinic and Facility Consultation

Adventure Doc is very excited about a few new requests we have been receiving to design and build several medical facilities for our clients. This subject was actually the topic of my Master’s Thesis and the original paper can be viewed here: http://www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article_print_830.pdf

These new remote and austere site medical facilities are highly customizable and based on the needs of our clients and patients. A new website is under development and will be completed shortly. This website will detail several new services offered by Adventure Doc:

  • Design and Construction of medical facilities at any location, worldwide
  • Staffing of these facilities with Doctors, Physician Assistants, Nurses and Paramedics
  • Improvement and upgrade of existing medical facilities
  • Addition of laboratory and radiology services to existing medical clinics
  • 24/7 consultation from these facilities to Board Certified American physicians
  • Medical Records and EMR services for patient management

Through Adventure Doc’s unique partnership with an Architectural Firm that specializes in healthcare facilities we are able to add a new dimension to designing and building medical facilities in remote and austere environments.

 

Tactical and Remote Medicine Classes

We are very excited about our new six day program on Tactical and Remote medicine. The course description can be viewed on our website:

http://adventuredocclinic.com/Brochures/TEMS%20&%20Remote%20Medicine%206%20day.pdf

 

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